[3 hours] The scientific method. Matter: homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Basic concepts of Stoichiometry: The atomic and mass number. Isotopes. The atomic mass and the atomic weight. Definition of molecule. The molecular weight. Ionic compounds. The mole. Empirical formula, molecular formula and structural formula. IUPAC nomenclature. [2 hours] Law of definite proportions. Law of conservation of mass. Chemical equations, stoichiometric coefficients. The limiting reactant concept. [2 hours] The atomic structure: The quantic numbers. The s, p, d, and f orbitals. The Aufbau principle. The ionization energy and the electron affinity. [4 hours] The chemical bonding: Octet rule. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Electronegativity. Hybridization (sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2). Dative bond. VSEPR theory and molecular geometries. Intermolecular forces (Van der Waals, dispersion, hydrogen bond). [2 hours] The gaseous systems: The fundamental laws of gases: Boyle, Charles, gay-Lussac and Avogadro. The ideal gas law. Mixtures of not reactive gases. Dalton’s law. [4 hours] The oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balancing. [3 hours] Basic concepts of thermodynamics: Heat and work. The first thermodynamic law. Reversible and not reversible processes. Enthalpy. Hess’s law. Spontaneous processes and entropy. The second thermodynamic law. Free energy and Gibb’s Helmotz equation. [2 hours] Phase transitions: Phase transition. Vapor pressure. Clausius Clapeyron equation. Phase diagram. [4 hours] Solutions: Molarity, molality and molar fraction. Mass and volume percentages. Dilution and mixing. Themodynamics of solutions. The Raoult’s law. Colligative properties of solutions. Boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and osmotic pressure. Van’t Hoff coefficient. [3 hours] Chemical equilibrium: Mass action law. Le Chatelier principle. The concentration, pressure and temperature effects on the equilibrium. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. [4 hours] Acid-base equilibrium: Definitions of Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis. Acid halides and oxyacids. Acid strength. Autoionization of water. The pH scale. Calculation of the pH for a solution of: strong acid (base), weak acid (base). Alfa and dissociation degree. [3 hours] Acid-base properties of a salt solution. Buffered solution. [2 hours] Solubility equilibrium: Precipitation reaction. Common ion effect. [2 hours] Basic concepts of chemical kinetics: Reaction rate. Collision theory. Definition of transition state. Arrhenius equation. Catalysis. [10 hours] Numerical exercises

Chemistry, Zumdahl/Zumdahl

Organic Chemistry Structure and properties Carbon compounds, Lewis structural formulas, types of bonds, functional groups, formal charge stereoisomer characteristics, identifies configuration of double bond cis (Z) /trans (E) identifies configuration of stereocenters (R)/(S), identifies rotation under plane-polarized light to determine whether molecule is (+) or (-), need to do laboratory tests where the molecule is put in plane-polarized light bonding and molecular structure atomic orbitals, covalent bond formation—molecular orbital (MO) method, hybridization of atomic orbitals, electronegativity and polarity, oxidation number, intermolecular forces, solvents, resonance and delocalized π electrons. Chemical reactivity and organic reactions. Reaction mechanism, carbon-containing intermediates, types of organic reactions, electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents, thermodynamics bond-dissociation energies, chemical equilibrium rates of reactions, transition-state theory and enthalpy diagrams, brönsted acids and bases basicity (acidity) and structure, Lewis acids and bases. Alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons Definition, nomenclature of alkanes, preparation of alkanes, chemical properties of alkanes. Nomenclature and structure, geometric isomerism and chirality, conformations of cycloalkanes and chemical properties. Stereochemistry Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism, relative and absolute configuration, molecules with more than one chiral centre, synthesis and optical activity. Alkenes Nomenclature and structure, geometric (cis-trans) isomerism, preparation of alkenes, chemical properties of alkenes, substitution reactions at the allylic position, summary of alkene chemistry Alkyl halides Introduction, synthesis of alkyl halides and chemical properties. Alkynes and dienes Alkynes, chemical properties of acetylenes, alkadienes, MO theory and delocalized π systems. Addition reactions of conjugated dienes, polymerization of dienes, cycloaddition. Benzene and polynuclear aromatic compounds Introduction, aromaticity and Hückel's rule, polynuclear aromatic compounds, nomenclature chemical reactions. Alcohols and thiols Alcohols, nomenclature and H-bonding, preparation and chemical properties. Thiols, nomenclature and chemical properties. Ethers, epoxides, glycols, and thioethers Ethers, introduction and nomenclature, preparation, chemical properties. Cyclic ethers. Epoxides, introduction, nomenclature, chemical properties and synthesis. Glycols, nomenclature and chemical properties. Preparation of 1,2-glycols, unique reactions of glycols. Thioethers, introduction, nomenclature and chemical properties. Carbonyl compounds: aldehydes and ketones Introduction, nomenclature, preparation, and chemical properties. Oxidation and reduction of the carbonyl group. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives Introduction, nomenclature, preparation of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives. Chemical properties of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives. Amines Nomenclature and physical properties, preparation, chemical properties, reactions of quaternary ammonium salts, ring reactions of aromatic amines, spectral properties, reactions of aryl diazonium salts, summary of amine chemistry Phenolic compounds Introduction, Preparation, chemical properties, analytical detection of phenols, summary of phenolic chemistry, summary of phenolic ethers and esters Aromatic heterocyclic compounds Five-membered aromatic heterocycles with one heteroatom, six-membered, heterocycles with one heteroatom, compounds with two heteroatoms Carbohydrates and nucleic acids Introduction, classification of carbohydrates, the D and L notation, the configuration of aldoses and ketoses. The reactions of monosaccharides in basic solutions. The oxidation-reduction reactions of monosaccharides . lenghtening the chain: the kiliani-fisher synthesis. Shortening the chain: the Ruff degradation. chemical properties of monosaccharides, evidence for hemiacetal formations as exemplified with glucose, stereochemistry and structure proof , disaccharides Amino acids, peptides, proteins Introduction, preparation of α-amino acids, chemical properties of amino acids, peptides Reactivity and Reactions Radicals Radical stability. The reactivity-selectivity principle. The chlorination and bromination of alkanes. Radical addition to alkenes. The sterochemistry of radical substitution and radical addition reactions. Substitution and elimination reactions Mechanism and factors that affect reactions SN2. Mechanism and factors that affect reactions SN1. The stereochemistry of SN2 and SN1 reactions. Competition between SN2 and SN1. The E1 and E2 reactions. Competition between E1 and E2 reactions, and between SN2/E2and SN1/E1 reactions. Reactions of benzene and of substituted benzenes The general mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation. The effect of substituents on reactivity and on orientation. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution: addition-elimination mechanism and elimination-addition mechanism. Carbonyl compounds: reaction of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives General mechanism for nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions. Reactions of acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters. Acid and basic catalyzed hydrolyses of esters, amides and nitriles. Carbonyl compounds: reactions of aldehydes, ketones and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds Reactions of carbonyl compounds with: Grignard reagents, acetylide ions, hydride ions, hydrogen cyanide, amines and amines derivatives, water, alcohols, sulphur nucleophiles. The Wittig reaction. Nucleophilic addition to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives. Carbonyl compounds: reactions at the α-carbon Keto-enol tautomerism. How enolate ions and enols react. Alkylating the α-carbon of carbonyl compounds. Alkylation of the α-carbon using an enamine intermediate. The Michael reaction. Aldol condensation and Claisen condensation. The Robinson annulation.

Testi: Graham Solomons, Craig Fryhle: Organic Chemistry Ed. Wiley Paula Bruice: Organic Chemistry Ed Pearson Chimica Organica: Bruno Botta Ed. Edi-Ermes