Specific objectives - Knowledge and understanding: The course will present the state of the art of these three analyses through the discussion of cases studies related to different archaeological questions. - The course will be characterized by a broad practical part aimed to organize and carried out experimental sessions for reproducing replicas to be observed and discussed through the observation with optical and digital equipment. Having successfully completed this module, students will be able to demonstrate: - General knowledge of the technological, use-wear analysis and residues analyses; - General knowledge of the experimental approach needed to create reference collection. - Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: General knowledge of how and when to organize an experimental protocol. Basic knowledge of the use of OLM and SEM for technological, use-wear and residues analyses - Critical and judgmental capacities: Skill to document an experimental protocol and to critically evaluate the obtained results in terms of technology, use-wear and residues applied to archaeological contexts. Communication skills - Skill to clearly communicate the results of the analysis of an archaeological context or assemblage through experimental and archaeometric approaches - Skill to communicate the results of the analysis to people not trained in archaeology - Learning skills - Skill to organize and realize an experimental protocols - Skill to apply a preliminary technological and functional analysis of archeological items or replicas of them. Structure of the course The course will be characterized by a theoretical session dealing with the fundaments of the experimental archaeology (10 h), technological (6 h), use-wear (6 h), residues analyses (8 h) and a broad practical part (30 h) aimed to organize and carried out experimental sessions for reproducing replicas to be observed and discussed through the observation with optical and digital equipment.

Study material Teaching materials, including handouts, thematic websites and scientific articles will be distributed in class and posted on a dedicated Moodle page.

Specific objectives - Knowledge and understanding: The student will acquire the knowledge and understanding of theoretical issues in environmental archaeology as well as criteria for selecting the most appropriate methods for the various applications. - Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will acquire the ability to apply environmental issues to support archaeological case studies. - Critical and judgmental capacities: The student will develop critical and judgmental skills by analysing case studies and defining appropriate methods to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions from archaeological contexts. These skills will be developed through interaction with the lecturer during the course and through the preparation of a review. - Communication skills: The student will be asked to interact in the analysis of case studies and during the lectures to identify the appropriate palaeoenvironmental methods for archaeological studies. - Learning skills: The student will acquire the theoretical and practical ability to apply the palaeoenvironmental methods to archaeological studies so as to be able to replicate it to real case studies and for the formulation of project proposals. Syllabus - Introduction to Environmental Archaeology (4 h) - Principles of pollen analysis. Interpretation of pollen records. Reconstruction of past flora, vegetation, climate, and environment (6 h) - Palaeoecology and palaeoclimate (4 h) - Human impact on past natural landscape. The transition from wild to domesticated plants: age and geographical distribution of the earliest remains of cereals, pulses, fruit trees and nuts, oil- and fibre-producing crops, ornamental plants, spices (4 h) - Ancient DNA (2 h) Laboratory work: - Sampling from archaeological contexts: planning and execution (6 h) - Pollen Laboratory processing. Pollen identification (4 h) Review Environmental archaeology: Applications and case studies (2 h) Structure of the course The course is structured in three phases: - - theoretical part to analyse concepts, issues and the structure of environmental archaeology (16 hours) - - laboratory of palynology and sampling activities (10 hours) - - the revision of case studies in environmental archaeology (4 hours)

Study material Teaching materials, including handouts, thematic websites and scientific articles will be distributed in class and posted on a dedicated Moodle page.