Docente
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CABIB SIMONA
(programma)
L'approccio dimensionale alla psicopatologia e le neuroscienze delle funzioni mentali tipiche e atipiche. Il progetto RDoC dell'NIH (istituto superiore di sanità americano).Il disturbo ossessivo compulsivo (DOC): ipotesi e teorie interpretative. Approccio sperimentale al DOC: Le procedure abituali (Habits) e i comportamenti motivati dal raggiungimento di uno scopo. Il comportamentismo intenzionale di Tolman e il nuovo approccio al comportamento operante. Psicobiologia dei comportamenti compulsivi: metodi e tecniche di ricerca funzionale, anatomica, neurochimica e neurobiologica. I modelli animali e la ricerca translazionale: omologie e analogie anatomiche e funzionali. I sistemi paralleli delle vie cortico-striato-talamo-corticale. I diversi compartimenti striatali, caratteristiche anatomiche, biochimiche e funzionali. La trasmissione dopaminergica.
E' necessario dotarsi di una manuale di Neuroscienze per consultazione (Consigliato: Neuroscienze. Esplorando il cervello - Bear Mark F., Connors Barry W, etc.)
Da leggere, 2 dei seguenti testi
1) Come funziona la memoria. Meccanismi molecolari e cognitivi di Larry Squire e Eric Kandel (saggi Zanichelli)
2) Inventare la mente. Come il cervello crea la nostra vita mentale di Chris Frith. (Raffaello Cortina editore)
3) L’Autismo. Spiegazione di un enigma di Uta Frith (laterza)
I seguenti articoli scaricabili da PUBMED
GOAL-DIRECTED LEARNING AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER.
Gillan CM, Robbins TW.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Nov 5;369(1655).
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0475.
PDF Download (http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1655/20130475.long)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has become a paradigmatic case of goal-directed dysfunction in psychiatry. In this article, we review the neurobiological evidence, historical and recent, that originally led to this supposition and continues to support a habit hypothesis of OCD. We will then discuss a number of recent studies that have directly tested this hypothesis, using behavioural experiments in patient populations. Based on this research evidence, which suggests that rather than goal-directed avoidance behaviours, compulsions in OCD may derive from manifestations of excessive habit formation, we present the details of a novel account of the functional relationship between these habits and the full symptom profile of the disorder. Borrowing from a cognitive dissonance framework, we propose that the irrational threat beliefs (obsessions) characteristic of OCD may be a consequence, rather than an instigator, of compulsive behaviour in these patients. This lays the foundation for a potential shift in both clinical and neuropsychological conceptualization of OCD and related disorders. This model may also prove relevant to other putative disorders of compulsivity, such as substance dependence, where the experience of 'wanting' drugs may be better understood as post hoc rationalizations of otherwise goal-insensitive, stimulus-driven behaviour.
TRANSLATIONAL APPROACHES TO OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO CLINICAL TREATMENT
Fineberg NA, Chamberlain SR, Hollander E, Boulougouris V, Robbins TW.
Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Oct;164(4):1044-61.
doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01422.x.
PDF Download (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229751)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive ritualistic behaviours) leading to functional impairment. Accumulating evidence links these conditions with underlying dysregulation of fronto-striatal circuitry and monoamine systems. These abnormalities represent key targets for existing and novel treatment interventions. However, the brain bases of these conditions and treatment mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. Animal models simulating the behavioural and clinical manifestations of the disorder show great potential for augmenting our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of OCD. This paper provides an overview of what is known about OCD from several perspectives. We begin by describing the clinical features of OCD and the criteria used to assess the validity of animal models of symptomatology; namely, face validity (phenomenological similarity between inducing conditions and specific symptoms of the human phenomenon), predictive validity (similarity in response to treatment) and construct validity (similarity in underlying physiological or psychological mechanisms). We then survey animal models of OC spectrum conditions within this framework, focusing on (i) ethological models; (ii) genetic and pharmacological models; and (iii) neurobehavioural models. We also discuss their advantages and shortcomings in relation to their capacity to identify potentially efficacious new compounds. It is of interest that there has been rather little evidence of 'false alarms' for therapeutic drug effects in OCD models which actually fail in the clinic. While it is more difficult to model obsessive cognition than compulsive behaviour in experimental animals, it is feasible to infer cognitive inflexibility in certain animal paradigms. Finally, key future neurobiological and treatment research areas are highlighted.
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